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# Enables k8s containers to access devices (linux device drivers) available on nodes
## Motivation
In the IoT world, interaction with the external environment is the reason of existence.
This interaction is done by acquiring data about the environment and possibly actuate to achieve the desire objective, with complexity ranging from a simple thermostat to a very complex industrial process control (i.e. chemical plant). In more practical terms and in resource constrained IoT environments, the main CPU interacts directly with those sensors and actuators and the OS (Linux in our case) provides an abstract view in the form of device drivers.
Even though container runtime allows direct access to device drivers, containers running under Kubernetes are not expected to do so, in the cloud hardware independence is a very useful characteristic because it enhances mobility.
Kubernetes primarily manages CPU, memory and storage and network with other resources not being managed.
In IoT applications, applications can have direct access to sensors and actuators either directly by interfacing with a device driver on the kernel: digital I/O pins, temperature sensors, analog inputs, microphones, audio output, video cameras and many others or indirectly through hardware interfaces like serial ports, I2C, SPI, bluetooth, LoRa, USB and others.
Controlled access to these devices are essential to enable a container-based IoT solution. Smarter-device-manager allows containers to have direct access to devices on the host in a secure way.
*Usage Model*
The smarter-device-manager start by reading a configuration file (yn YAML format). This configuration file describes via regular expressions the files that identifies each device that should be exported and how many access can be done simultaneously. For example the configurations below find every V4L device (cameras, video tuners, etc...) available on the node, assuming the node has two camewras /dev/video0, /dev/video1 and adds them as smarter-devices/video0. smarter-devices/video1 as resources and enables up to 10 simulatenous access (up to 10 containers can request access to those devices simultaneously).
```
- devicematch: ^video[0-9]*$
nummaxdevices: 10
```
The default config file provided will enable most of the devices available at a raspberry PI (1-4) or equivalent boards. I2C, SPI, video devices, sound and others are enabled. The config file can be replaced using a configmap to enable or disable access to different devices, like accelerators, GPUs, etc.
The node will show the devices it recognizes as resources in the node object in Kubernetes. The example below shows a raspberry PI.
```
kubectl describe node pike5
Name: pike5
Roles: <none>
Labels: beta.kubernetes.io/arch=arm
beta.kubernetes.io/os=linux
fake-image-generator-rpi=enabled
smarter-device-manager=enabled
Annotations: node.alpha.kubernetes.io/ttl: 0
CreationTimestamp: Mon, 02 Dec 2019 09:22:56 -0600
Taints: <none>
Unschedulable: false
Lease:
HolderIdentity: <unset>
AcquireTime: <unset>
RenewTime: <unset>
Conditions:
Type Status LastHeartbeatTime LastTransitionTime Reason Message
---- ------ ----------------- ------------------ ------ -------
MemoryPressure False Thu, 16 Jan 2020 08:20:06 -0600 Mon, 02 Dec 2019 09:22:56 -0600 KubeletHasSufficientMemory kubelet has sufficient memory available
DiskPressure False Thu, 16 Jan 2020 08:20:06 -0600 Wed, 04 Dec 2019 09:47:08 -0600 KubeletHasNoDiskPressure kubelet has no disk pressure
PIDPressure False Thu, 16 Jan 2020 08:20:06 -0600 Mon, 02 Dec 2019 09:22:56 -0600 KubeletHasSufficientPID kubelet has sufficient PID available
Ready True Thu, 16 Jan 2020 08:20:06 -0600 Mon, 16 Dec 2019 14:58:05 -0600 KubeletReady kubelet is posting ready status. AppArmor enabled
Addresses:
InternalIP: XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX
Hostname: pike5
Capacity:
cpu: 4
ephemeral-storage: 14999512Ki
memory: 873348Ki
pods: 110
smarter-devices/gpiochip0: 10
smarter-devices/gpiochip1: 10
smarter-devices/gpiochip2: 10
smarter-devices/gpiomem: 10
smarter-devices/i2c-1: 10
smarter-devices/snd: 10
smarter-devices/vchiq: 10
smarter-devices/vcs: 0
smarter-devices/vcsm: 10
smarter-devices/vcsm-cma: 0
smarter-devices/video10: 0
smarter-devices/video11: 0
smarter-devices/video12: 0
smarter-devices/video4: 10
Allocatable:
cpu: 4
ephemeral-storage: 13823550237
memory: 770948Ki
pods: 110
smarter-devices/gpiochip0: 10
smarter-devices/gpiochip1: 10
smarter-devices/gpiochip2: 10
smarter-devices/gpiomem: 10
smarter-devices/i2c-1: 10
smarter-devices/snd: 10
smarter-devices/vchiq: 10
smarter-devices/vcs: 0
smarter-devices/vcsm: 10
smarter-devices/vcsm-cma: 0
smarter-devices/video10: 0
smarter-devices/video11: 0
smarter-devices/video12: 0
smarter-devices/video4: 10
System Info:
Machine ID: XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
System UUID: XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Boot ID: XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Kernel Version: 5.3.0-1014-raspi2
OS Image: Ubuntu 19.10
Operating System: linux
Architecture: arm
Container Runtime Version: docker://19.3.2
Kubelet Version: v1.13.5
Kube-Proxy Version: v1.13.5
Non-terminated Pods: (5 in total)
Namespace Name CPU Requests CPU Limits Memory Requests Memory Limits AGE
--------- ---- ------------ ---------- --------------- ------------- ---
argus smarter-device-manager-gdmjk 10m (0%) 100m (2%) 15Mi (1%) 15Mi (1%) 43d
Allocated resources:
(Total limits may be over 100 percent, i.e., overcommitted.)
Resource Requests Limits
-------- -------- ------
cpu 560m (14%) 850m (21%)
memory 365Mi (48%) 365Mi (48%)
ephemeral-storage 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
smarter-devices/gpiochip0 0 0
smarter-devices/gpiochip1 0 0
smarter-devices/gpiochip2 0 0
smarter-devices/gpiomem 0 0
smarter-devices/i2c-1 0 0
smarter-devices/snd 0 0
smarter-devices/vchiq 1 1
smarter-devices/vcs 0 0
smarter-devices/vcsm 1 1
smarter-devices/vcsm-cma 0 0
smarter-devices/video10 0 0
smarter-devices/video11 0 0
smarter-devices/video12 0 0
smarter-devices/video4 2 2
Events: <none>
```
*System Architecture*
The smarter-device-manager is a container that when deployed reads the /dev directory and based on the provided configuration file located at "/root/config/conf.yaml" identifies which devices it can export. The container then uses the kubernets kubelet device plugin interface to inform the kubelet that those devices are available. Kubelet will use the plugin interface to ask the smarter-device-manager how to enable access to each device when a pod request access to that device. Smarter-device-manager uses the "--device" option of the OCI to add that device to the container /dev directory and adds that device to the device cgroup so the container.
More than one smarter-device-manager can be used in a single node if required if they enable different devices.
*Enabling access*
A few examples of yaml files are provided that enables the smarter-device-manager to be deployed in a node. The file smarter-device-management-pod.yaml deploys a single pod on a node, it is useful for testing. The file smarter-device-manager.yaml provides aq deamonSet configuration that enables pods to be deployed in any node that contains the "smarter-device-manager=enabled" label. The following command inserts the daemonSet in Kubernetes.
```
kubectl apply -f smarter-device-manager.yaml
```
and the following command deploys a smarter-device-manager pod on a node (pike5)
```
kubectl label node pike5 smarter-device-manager=enabled
```
The following command should show the node resources in a similar form as shown in previous example:
```
kubectl descrive node pike5
```