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# CTA策略模块
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## 模块构成
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## 1. 模块构成
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CTA策略模块主要由7部分构成,如下图:
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- base:定义了CTA模块中用到的一些基础设置,如引擎类型(回测/实盘)、回测模式(K线/Tick)、本地停止单的定义以及停止单状态(等待中/已撤销/已触发)。
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- template:定义了CTA策略模板(包含信号生成和委托管理)、CTA信号(仅负责信号生成)、目标仓位算法(仅负责委托管理,适用于拆分巨型委托,降低冲击成本)。
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- strategies: 官方提供的cta策略示例,包含从最基础的双均线策略,到通道突破类型的布林带策略,到跨时间周期策略,再到把信号生成和委托管理独立开来的多信号策略。
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- backesting:包含回测引擎和参数优化。其中回测引擎定义了数据载入、委托撮合机制、计算与统计相关盈利指标、结果绘图等函数。
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- converter:定义了针对上期所品种平今/平昨模式的委托转换模块;对于其他品种用户也可以通过可选参数lock切换至锁仓模式。
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- engine:定义了CTA策略实盘引擎,其中包括:RQData客户端初始化和数据载入、策略的初始化和启动、推送Tick订阅行情到策略中、挂撤单操作、策略的停止和移除等。
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- ui:基于PyQt5的GUI图形应用。
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![enter image description here](https://vnpy-community.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/forum_experience/yazhang/cta_strategy/seix_elementos.png "enter image title here")
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## 2. 历史数据
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## 历史数据
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## 3. 策略开发
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CTA策略模板提供完整的信号生成和委托管理功能,用户可以基于该模板自行开发策略。新策略可以放在根目录下vnpy\app\cta_strategy\strategies文件夹内,也可以放在用户运行的文件内(VN Station模式)。注意:策略文件命名是以下划线模式,如boll_channel_strategy.py;而策略类命名采用的是驼峰式,如BollChannelStrategy。
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下面通过BollChannelStrategy策略示例,来展示策略开发的具体步骤:
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### 3.1 参数设置
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定义策略参数并且初始化策略变量。策略参数为策略类的公有属性,用户可以通过创建新的实例来调用或者改变策略参数。
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如针对rb1905品种,用户可以创建基于BollChannelStrategy的策略示例,如RB_BollChannelStrategy,boll_window可以由18改成30。
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创建策略实例的方法有效地实现了一个策略跑多个品种,并且其策略参数可以通过品种的特征进行调整。
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```
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boll_window = 18
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boll_dev = 3.4
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cci_window = 10
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atr_window = 30
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sl_multiplier = 5.2
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fixed_size = 1
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boll_up = 0
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boll_down = 0
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cci_value = 0
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atr_value = 0
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intra_trade_high = 0
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intra_trade_low = 0
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long_stop = 0
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short_stop = 0
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```
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### 3.2 类的初始化
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初始化分3步:
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- 通过super( )的方法继承CTA策略模板,在__init__( )函数传入CTA引擎、策略名称、vt_symbol、参数设置。
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- 调用K线生成模块:通过时间切片来把Tick数据合成1分钟K线数据,然后更大的时间周期数据,如15分钟K线。
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- 调用K线时间序列管理模块:基于K线数据,如1分钟、15分钟,来生成相应的技术指标。
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```
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def __init__(self, cta_engine, strategy_name, vt_symbol, setting):
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""""""
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super(BollChannelStrategy, self).__init__(
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cta_engine, strategy_name, vt_symbol, setting
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)
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self.bg = BarGenerator(self.on_bar, 15, self.on_15min_bar)
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self.am = ArrayManager()
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```
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### 3.3 策略的初始化、启动、停止
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通过“CTA策略”组件的相关功能按钮实现。
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注意:函数load_bar(10),代表策略初始化需要载入10个交易日的历史数据。该历史数据可以是Tick数据,也可以是K线数据。
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```
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def on_init(self):
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"""
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Callback when strategy is inited.
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"""
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self.write_log("策略初始化")
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self.load_bar(10)
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def on_start(self):
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"""
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Callback when strategy is started.
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"""
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self.write_log("策略启动")
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def on_stop(self):
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"""
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Callback when strategy is stopped.
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"""
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self.write_log("策略停止")
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```
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### 3.4 Tick数据回报
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策略订阅某品种合约行情,交易所会推送Tick数据到该策略上。
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由于BollChannelStrategy是基于15分钟K线来生成交易信号的,故收到Tick数据后,需要用到K线生成模块里面的update_tick函数,通过时间切片的方法,聚合成1分钟K线数据,并且推送到on_bar函数。
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```
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def on_tick(self, tick: TickData):
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"""
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Callback of new tick data update.
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"""
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self.bg.update_tick(tick)
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```
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### 3.5 K线数据回报
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收到推送过来的1分钟K线数据后,通过K线生成模块里面的update_bar函数,以分钟切片的方法,合成15分钟K线数据,并且推送到on_15min_bar函数。
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```
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def on_bar(self, bar: BarData):
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"""
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Callback of new bar data update.
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"""
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self.bg.update_bar(bar)
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```
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### 3.6 15分钟K线数据回报
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负责CTA信号的生成,由3部分组成:
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- 清空未成交委托:为了防止之前下的单子在上一个15分钟没有成交,但是下一个15分钟可能已经调整了价格,就用cancel_all()方法立刻撤销之前未成交的所有委托,保证策略在当前这15分钟开始时的整个状态是清晰和唯一的。
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- 调用K线时间序列管理模块:基于最新的15分钟K线数据来计算相应计算指标,如布林带通道上下轨、CCI指标、ATR指标
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- 信号计算:通过持仓的判断以及结合CCI指标、布林带通道、ATR指标在通道突破点挂出停止单委托(buy/sell),同时设置离场点(short/cover)。
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注意:CTA策略具有低胜率和高盈亏比的特定:在难以提升胜率的情况下,研究提高策略盈亏比有利于策略盈利水平的上升。
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```
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def on_15min_bar(self, bar: BarData):
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""""""
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self.cancel_all()
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am = self.am
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am.update_bar(bar)
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if not am.inited:
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return
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self.boll_up, self.boll_down = am.boll(self.boll_window, self.boll_dev)
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self.cci_value = am.cci(self.cci_window)
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self.atr_value = am.atr(self.atr_window)
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if self.pos == 0:
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self.intra_trade_high = bar.high_price
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self.intra_trade_low = bar.low_price
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if self.cci_value > 0:
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self.buy(self.boll_up, self.fixed_size, True)
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elif self.cci_value < 0:
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self.short(self.boll_down, self.fixed_size, True)
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elif self.pos > 0:
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self.intra_trade_high = max(self.intra_trade_high, bar.high_price)
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self.intra_trade_low = bar.low_price
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self.long_stop = self.intra_trade_high - self.atr_value * self.sl_multiplier
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self.sell(self.long_stop, abs(self.pos), True)
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elif self.pos < 0:
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self.intra_trade_high = bar.high_price
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self.intra_trade_low = min(self.intra_trade_low, bar.low_price)
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self.short_stop = self.intra_trade_low + self.atr_value * self.sl_multiplier
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self.cover(self.short_stop, abs(self.pos), True)
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self.put_event()
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```
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### 3.7 委托回报、成交回报、停止单回报
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在策略中可以直接pass,其具体逻辑应用交给回测/实盘引擎负责。
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```
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def on_order(self, order: OrderData):
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"""
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Callback of new order data update.
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"""
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pass
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def on_trade(self, trade: TradeData):
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"""
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Callback of new trade data update.
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"""
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self.put_event()
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def on_stop_order(self, stop_order: StopOrder):
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"""
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Callback of stop order update.
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"""
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pass
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```
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## 策略开发
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## 回测研究
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## 4. 回测研究
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backtesting.py定义了回测引擎,下面主要介绍相关功能函数,以及回测引擎应用示例:
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### 4.1 加载策略
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把CTA策略逻辑,对应合约品种,以及参数设置(可在策略文件外修改)载入到回测引擎中。
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```
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def add_strategy(self, strategy_class: type, setting: dict):
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""""""
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self.strategy_class = strategy_class
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self.strategy = strategy_class(
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self, strategy_class.__name__, self.vt_symbol, setting
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)
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```
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### 4.2 载入历史数据
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负责载入对应品种的历史数据,大概有4个步骤:
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- 根据数据类型不同,分成K线模式和Tick模式;
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- 通过select().where()方法,有条件地从数据库中选取数据,其筛选标准包括:vt_symbol、 回测开始日期、回测结束日期、K线周期(K线模式下);
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- order_by(DbBarData.datetime)表示需要按照时间顺序载入数据;
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- 载入数据是以迭代方式进行的,数据最终存入self.history_data。
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```
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def load_data(self):
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""""""
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self.output("开始加载历史数据")
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if self.mode == BacktestingMode.BAR:
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s = (
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DbBarData.select()
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.where(
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(DbBarData.vt_symbol == self.vt_symbol)
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& (DbBarData.interval == self.interval)
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& (DbBarData.datetime >= self.start)
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& (DbBarData.datetime <= self.end)
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)
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.order_by(DbBarData.datetime)
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)
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self.history_data = [db_bar.to_bar() for db_bar in s]
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else:
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s = (
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DbTickData.select()
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.where(
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(DbTickData.vt_symbol == self.vt_symbol)
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& (DbTickData.datetime >= self.start)
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& (DbTickData.datetime <= self.end)
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)
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.order_by(DbTickData.datetime)
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)
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self.history_data = [db_tick.to_tick() for db_tick in s]
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self.output(f"历史数据加载完成,数据量:{len(self.history_data)}")
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```
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### 4.3 撮合成交
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载入CTA策略以及相关历史数据后,策略会根据最新的数据来计算相关指标。若符合条件会生成交易信号,发出具体委托(buy/sell/short/cover),并且在下一根K线成交。
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根据委托类型的不同,回测引擎提供2种撮合成交机制来尽量模仿真实交易环节:
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- 限价单撮合成交:(以买入方向为例)先确定是否发生成交,成交标准为委托价>= 下一根K线的最低价;然后确定成交价格,成交价格为委托价与下一根K线开盘价的最小值。
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- 停止单撮合成交:(以买入方向为例)先确定是否发生成交,成交标准为委托价<= 下一根K线的最高价;然后确定成交价格,成交价格为委托价与下一根K线开盘价的最大值。
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下面展示在引擎中限价单撮合成交的流程:
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- 确定会撮合成交的价格;
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- 遍历限价单字典中的所有限价单,推送委托进入未成交队列的更新状态;
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- 判断成交状态,若出现成交,推送成交数据和委托数据;
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- 从字典中删除已成交的限价单。
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```
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def cross_limit_order(self):
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"""
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Cross limit order with last bar/tick data.
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"""
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if self.mode == BacktestingMode.BAR:
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long_cross_price = self.bar.low_price
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short_cross_price = self.bar.high_price
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long_best_price = self.bar.open_price
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short_best_price = self.bar.open_price
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else:
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long_cross_price = self.tick.ask_price_1
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short_cross_price = self.tick.bid_price_1
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long_best_price = long_cross_price
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short_best_price = short_cross_price
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for order in list(self.active_limit_orders.values()):
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# Push order update with status "not traded" (pending)
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if order.status == Status.SUBMITTING:
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order.status = Status.NOTTRADED
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self.strategy.on_order(order)
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# Check whether limit orders can be filled.
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long_cross = (
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order.direction == Direction.LONG
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and order.price >= long_cross_price
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and long_cross_price > 0
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)
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short_cross = (
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order.direction == Direction.SHORT
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and order.price <= short_cross_price
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and short_cross_price > 0
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)
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if not long_cross and not short_cross:
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continue
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# Push order udpate with status "all traded" (filled).
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order.traded = order.volume
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order.status = Status.ALLTRADED
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self.strategy.on_order(order)
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self.active_limit_orders.pop(order.vt_orderid)
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# Push trade update
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self.trade_count += 1
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if long_cross:
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trade_price = min(order.price, long_best_price)
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pos_change = order.volume
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else:
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trade_price = max(order.price, short_best_price)
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pos_change = -order.volume
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trade = TradeData(
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symbol=order.symbol,
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exchange=order.exchange,
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orderid=order.orderid,
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tradeid=str(self.trade_count),
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direction=order.direction,
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offset=order.offset,
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price=trade_price,
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volume=order.volume,
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time=self.datetime.strftime("%H:%M:%S"),
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gateway_name=self.gateway_name,
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)
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trade.datetime = self.datetime
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self.strategy.pos += pos_change
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self.strategy.on_trade(trade)
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self.trades[trade.vt_tradeid] = trade
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```
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### 4.4 计算策略盈亏情况
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基于收盘价、当日持仓量、合约规模、滑点、手续费率等计算总盈亏与净盈亏,并且其计算结果以DataFrame格式输出,完成基于逐日盯市盈亏统计。
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下面展示盈亏情况的计算过程
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- 浮动盈亏 = 持仓量 \*(当日收盘价 - 昨日收盘价)\* 合约规模
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- 实际盈亏 = 持仓变化量 \* (当时收盘价 - 开仓成交价)\* 合约规模
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- 总盈亏 = 浮动盈亏 + 实际盈亏
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- 净盈亏 = 总盈亏 - 总手续费 - 总滑点
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```
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def calculate_pnl(
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self,
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pre_close: float,
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start_pos: float,
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size: int,
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rate: float,
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slippage: float,
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):
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""""""
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self.pre_close = pre_close
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# Holding pnl is the pnl from holding position at day start
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self.start_pos = start_pos
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self.end_pos = start_pos
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||||
self.holding_pnl = self.start_pos * \
|
||||
(self.close_price - self.pre_close) * size
|
||||
|
||||
# Trading pnl is the pnl from new trade during the day
|
||||
self.trade_count = len(self.trades)
|
||||
|
||||
for trade in self.trades:
|
||||
if trade.direction == Direction.LONG:
|
||||
pos_change = trade.volume
|
||||
else:
|
||||
pos_change = -trade.volume
|
||||
|
||||
turnover = trade.price * trade.volume * size
|
||||
|
||||
self.trading_pnl += pos_change * \
|
||||
(self.close_price - trade.price) * size
|
||||
self.end_pos += pos_change
|
||||
self.turnover += turnover
|
||||
self.commission += turnover * rate
|
||||
self.slippage += trade.volume * size * slippage
|
||||
|
||||
# Net pnl takes account of commission and slippage cost
|
||||
self.total_pnl = self.trading_pnl + self.holding_pnl
|
||||
self.net_pnl = self.total_pnl - self.commission - self.slippage
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## 参数优化
|
||||
### 4.5 计算策略统计指标
|
||||
calculate_statistics函数是基于逐日盯市盈亏情况(DateFrame格式)来计算衍生指标,如最大回撤、年化收益、盈亏比、夏普比率等。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
df["balance"] = df["net_pnl"].cumsum() + self.capital
|
||||
df["return"] = np.log(df["balance"] / df["balance"].shift(1)).fillna(0)
|
||||
df["highlevel"] = (
|
||||
df["balance"].rolling(
|
||||
min_periods=1, window=len(df), center=False).max()
|
||||
)
|
||||
df["drawdown"] = df["balance"] - df["highlevel"]
|
||||
df["ddpercent"] = df["drawdown"] / df["highlevel"] * 100
|
||||
|
||||
# Calculate statistics value
|
||||
start_date = df.index[0]
|
||||
end_date = df.index[-1]
|
||||
|
||||
total_days = len(df)
|
||||
profit_days = len(df[df["net_pnl"] > 0])
|
||||
loss_days = len(df[df["net_pnl"] < 0])
|
||||
|
||||
end_balance = df["balance"].iloc[-1]
|
||||
max_drawdown = df["drawdown"].min()
|
||||
max_ddpercent = df["ddpercent"].min()
|
||||
|
||||
total_net_pnl = df["net_pnl"].sum()
|
||||
daily_net_pnl = total_net_pnl / total_days
|
||||
|
||||
total_commission = df["commission"].sum()
|
||||
daily_commission = total_commission / total_days
|
||||
|
||||
total_slippage = df["slippage"].sum()
|
||||
daily_slippage = total_slippage / total_days
|
||||
|
||||
total_turnover = df["turnover"].sum()
|
||||
daily_turnover = total_turnover / total_days
|
||||
|
||||
total_trade_count = df["trade_count"].sum()
|
||||
daily_trade_count = total_trade_count / total_days
|
||||
|
||||
total_return = (end_balance / self.capital - 1) * 100
|
||||
annual_return = total_return / total_days * 240
|
||||
daily_return = df["return"].mean() * 100
|
||||
return_std = df["return"].std() * 100
|
||||
|
||||
if return_std:
|
||||
sharpe_ratio = daily_return / return_std * np.sqrt(240)
|
||||
else:
|
||||
sharpe_ratio = 0
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 4.6 统计指标绘图
|
||||
通过matplotlib绘制4幅图:
|
||||
- 资金曲线图
|
||||
- 资金回撤图
|
||||
- 每日盈亏图
|
||||
- 每日盈亏分布图
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
def show_chart(self, df: DataFrame = None):
|
||||
""""""
|
||||
if not df:
|
||||
df = self.daily_df
|
||||
|
||||
if df is None:
|
||||
return
|
||||
|
||||
plt.figure(figsize=(10, 16))
|
||||
|
||||
balance_plot = plt.subplot(4, 1, 1)
|
||||
balance_plot.set_title("Balance")
|
||||
df["balance"].plot(legend=True)
|
||||
|
||||
drawdown_plot = plt.subplot(4, 1, 2)
|
||||
drawdown_plot.set_title("Drawdown")
|
||||
drawdown_plot.fill_between(range(len(df)), df["drawdown"].values)
|
||||
|
||||
pnl_plot = plt.subplot(4, 1, 3)
|
||||
pnl_plot.set_title("Daily Pnl")
|
||||
df["net_pnl"].plot(kind="bar", legend=False, grid=False, xticks=[])
|
||||
|
||||
distribution_plot = plt.subplot(4, 1, 4)
|
||||
distribution_plot.set_title("Daily Pnl Distribution")
|
||||
df["net_pnl"].hist(bins=50)
|
||||
|
||||
plt.show()
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 4.7 回测引擎使用示例
|
||||
|
||||
- 导入回测引擎和CTA策略
|
||||
- 设置回测相关参数,如:品种、K线周期、回测开始和结束日期、手续费、滑点、合约规模、起始资金
|
||||
- 载入策略和数据到引擎中,运行回测。
|
||||
- 计算基于逐日统计盈利情况,计算统计指标,统计指标绘图。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
from vnpy.app.cta_strategy.backtesting import BacktestingEngine
|
||||
from vnpy.app.cta_strategy.strategies.boll_channel_strategy import (
|
||||
BollChannelStrategy,
|
||||
)
|
||||
from datetime import datetime
|
||||
|
||||
## 实盘运行
|
||||
engine = BacktestingEngine()
|
||||
engine.set_parameters(
|
||||
vt_symbol="IF88.CFFEX",
|
||||
interval="1m",
|
||||
start=datetime(2018, 1, 1),
|
||||
end=datetime(2019, 1, 1),
|
||||
rate=3.0/10000,
|
||||
slippage=0.2,
|
||||
size=300,
|
||||
pricetick=0.2,
|
||||
capital=1_000_000,
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
engine.add_strategy(AtrRsiStrategy, {})
|
||||
engine.load_data()
|
||||
engine.run_backtesting()
|
||||
df = engine.calculate_result()
|
||||
engine.calculate_statistics()
|
||||
engine.show_chart()
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## 5. 参数优化
|
||||
参数优化模块主要由3部分构成:
|
||||
|
||||
### 5.1 参数设置
|
||||
|
||||
- 设置参数优化区间:如boll_window设置起始值为18,终止值为24,步进为2,这样就得到了[18, 20, 22, 24] 这4个待优化的参数了。
|
||||
- 设置优化目标字段:如夏普比率、盈亏比、总收益率等。
|
||||
- 随机生成参数对组合:使用迭代工具产生参数对组合,然后把参数对组合打包到一个个字典组成的列表中
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
class OptimizationSetting:
|
||||
"""
|
||||
Setting for runnning optimization.
|
||||
"""
|
||||
|
||||
def __init__(self):
|
||||
""""""
|
||||
self.params = {}
|
||||
self.target_name = ""
|
||||
|
||||
def add_parameter(
|
||||
self, name: str, start: float, end: float = None, step: float = None
|
||||
):
|
||||
""""""
|
||||
if not end and not step:
|
||||
self.params[name] = [start]
|
||||
return
|
||||
|
||||
if start >= end:
|
||||
print("参数优化起始点必须小于终止点")
|
||||
return
|
||||
|
||||
if step <= 0:
|
||||
print("参数优化步进必须大于0")
|
||||
return
|
||||
|
||||
value = start
|
||||
value_list = []
|
||||
|
||||
while value <= end:
|
||||
value_list.append(value)
|
||||
value += step
|
||||
|
||||
self.params[name] = value_list
|
||||
|
||||
def set_target(self, target_name: str):
|
||||
""""""
|
||||
self.target_name = target_name
|
||||
|
||||
def generate_setting(self):
|
||||
""""""
|
||||
keys = self.params.keys()
|
||||
values = self.params.values()
|
||||
products = list(product(*values))
|
||||
|
||||
settings = []
|
||||
for p in products:
|
||||
setting = dict(zip(keys, p))
|
||||
settings.append(setting)
|
||||
|
||||
return settings
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 5.2 参数对组合回测
|
||||
|
||||
多进程优化时,每个进程都会运行optimize函数,输出参数对组合以及目标优化字段的结果。其步骤如下:
|
||||
- 调用回测引擎
|
||||
- 输入回测相关设置
|
||||
- 输入参数对组合到策略中
|
||||
- 运行回测
|
||||
- 返回回测结果,包括:参数对组合、目标优化字段数值、策略统计指标
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
def optimize(
|
||||
target_name: str,
|
||||
strategy_class: CtaTemplate,
|
||||
setting: dict,
|
||||
vt_symbol: str,
|
||||
interval: Interval,
|
||||
start: datetime,
|
||||
rate: float,
|
||||
slippage: float,
|
||||
size: float,
|
||||
pricetick: float,
|
||||
capital: int,
|
||||
end: datetime,
|
||||
mode: BacktestingMode,
|
||||
):
|
||||
"""
|
||||
Function for running in multiprocessing.pool
|
||||
"""
|
||||
engine = BacktestingEngine()
|
||||
engine.set_parameters(
|
||||
vt_symbol=vt_symbol,
|
||||
interval=interval,
|
||||
start=start,
|
||||
rate=rate,
|
||||
slippage=slippage,
|
||||
size=size,
|
||||
pricetick=pricetick,
|
||||
capital=capital,
|
||||
end=end,
|
||||
mode=mode
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
engine.add_strategy(strategy_class, setting)
|
||||
engine.load_data()
|
||||
engine.run_backtesting()
|
||||
engine.calculate_result()
|
||||
statistics = engine.calculate_statistics()
|
||||
|
||||
target_value = statistics[target_name]
|
||||
return (str(setting), target_value, statistics)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 5.3 多进程优化
|
||||
|
||||
- 根据CPU的核数来创建进程:若CPU为4核,则创建4个进程
|
||||
- 在每个进程都调用apply_async( )的方法运行参数对组合回测,其回测结果添加到results中 (apply_async是异步非阻塞的,即不用等待当前进程执行完毕,随时根据系统调度来进行进程切换。)
|
||||
- pool.close()与pool.join()用于进程跑完任务后,去关闭进程。
|
||||
- 对results的内容通过目标优化字段标准进行排序,输出结果。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
pool = multiprocessing.Pool(multiprocessing.cpu_count())
|
||||
|
||||
results = []
|
||||
for setting in settings:
|
||||
result = (pool.apply_async(optimize, (
|
||||
target_name,
|
||||
self.strategy_class,
|
||||
setting,
|
||||
self.vt_symbol,
|
||||
self.interval,
|
||||
self.start,
|
||||
self.rate,
|
||||
self.slippage,
|
||||
self.size,
|
||||
self.pricetick,
|
||||
self.capital,
|
||||
self.end,
|
||||
self.mode
|
||||
)))
|
||||
results.append(result)
|
||||
|
||||
pool.close()
|
||||
pool.join()
|
||||
|
||||
# Sort results and output
|
||||
result_values = [result.get() for result in results]
|
||||
result_values.sort(reverse=True, key=lambda result: result[1])
|
||||
|
||||
for value in result_values:
|
||||
msg = f"参数:{value[0]}, 目标:{value[1]}"
|
||||
self.output(msg)
|
||||
|
||||
return result_values
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## 6. 实盘运行
|
||||
|
||||
|
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user